Acetal formation
10 real reactions from the literature, on aromatic aldehydes, α,β-unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes, five-membered cyclic ketones and primary alcohols. Each scheme shows starting materials, conditions and products, with the yield and reference where the source reports them.
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Acetal formation: 3-nitrobenzaldehyde (an aromatic aldehyde) with CH3OH, acid cat. gives 3-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethyl acetal.
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Acetal formation: acrolein (an α,β-unsaturated aliphatic aldehyde) and triethyl orthoformate (an acetal) with NH4NO3; CH3CH2OH gives 3,3-diethoxy-1-propene (the acetal).
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Acetal formation: isatin (a five-membered cyclic ketone) gives spiro(1,3-dioxolane-2,3'-(3H)indol)-2'(1'H)-one (the acetal).
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Acetal formation: trimethylolmethane (a primary alcohol) gives (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methanol (the acetal).
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Acetal formation: a hemiacetal with CH3OH, HCl; Δ gives the acetal.
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Acetal formation: methyl pyruvate (an α-keto ester) gives the acetal.
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Acetal formation: benzaldehyde (an aromatic aldehyde) gives 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (the acetal).
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Acetal formation: 2,2-dimethoxypropane (an acetal) with BuOH (2 equiv.); p-TsOH, benzene, Δ gives 2,2-dibutoxypropane (the acetal).
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Acetal formation: an enol ether with SN2; AcOH; 0.5 eq. gives 2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (the acetal).
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Acetal formation: benzaldehyde (an aromatic aldehyde) with HCl, CHCl3, 0 °C gives 2-phenyl-1,3-dithiane (the thioacetal).