Reading a scheme

Start with the conditions. A strong base, an acid, a metal, a peroxide: the reagent line narrows the reaction type before you look at a single bond.
Find what changed. Compare starting material and product atom by atom: which bond formed, which left, and whether the carbon count grew.
Substitution vs. elimination vs. addition is a bookkeeping question: same number of σ bonds, fewer, or more.
Mechanism follows structure. A tertiary or benzylic center with a weak nucleophile points to a cation; a primary center with a strong nucleophile does not.
Every example here is a real reaction with a real citation. The yields are the authors’ own.

Cannizzaro reaction

1 real reaction from the literature, on aromatic aldehydes. Each scheme shows starting materials, conditions and products, with the yield and reference where the source reports them.

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Cannizzaro: furfural (an aromatic aldehyde) with 1) 33% NaOH; 2) H2SO4 (workup) gives 2-furancarboxylic acid (the acid and the alcohol) and furfuryl alcohol (the acid and the alcohol).

CannizzaroOrg. Synth. Coll. Vol. 1, p. 276