Fischer esterification
8 real reactions from the literature, on carboxylic acids and primary alcohols. Each scheme shows starting materials, conditions and products, with the yield and reference where the source reports them.
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Fischer esterification: adipic acid (a carboxylic acid) with CH3CH2OH; H2SO4; toluene, Δ gives diethyl adipate (the ester).
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Fischer esterification: lactic acid (a carboxylic acid) with iPrOH, H2SO4; benzene, Δ gives isopropyl lactate (the ester).
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Fischer esterification: mandelic acid (a carboxylic acid) with CH3CH2OH; HCl, Δ gives ethyl mandelate (the ester).
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Fischer esterification: acetonedicarboxylic acid with CH3CH2OH; (2 equiv.); HCl gives diethyl acetonedicarboxylate (the β-keto ester).
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Fischer esterification: oxalic acid (a carboxylic acid) with CH3CH2OH; (2 equiv.); CCl4, Δ gives diethyl oxalate (the ester).
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Fischer esterification: oxalic acid (a carboxylic acid) with CH3OH; (2 equiv.); H2SO4 gives dimethyl oxalate (the ester).
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Fischer esterification: 3-chloro-1-propanol (a primary alcohol) with p-TsOH, AcOH; benzene, Δ gives 3-chloropropyl acetate (the ester).
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Fischer esterification: a carboxylic acid with CH3COCl; CH3OH gives the ester.