Reading a scheme

Start with the conditions. A strong base, an acid, a metal, a peroxide: the reagent line narrows the reaction type before you look at a single bond.
Find what changed. Compare starting material and product atom by atom: which bond formed, which left, and whether the carbon count grew.
Substitution vs. elimination vs. addition is a bookkeeping question: same number of σ bonds, fewer, or more.
Mechanism follows structure. A tertiary or benzylic center with a weak nucleophile points to a cation; a primary center with a strong nucleophile does not.
Every example here is a real reaction with a real citation. The yields are the authors’ own.

Carbamate formation

1 real reaction from the literature, on phenols. Each scheme shows starting materials, conditions and products, with the yield and reference where the source reports them.

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Carbamate formation: 2-methyl-1-naphthol (a phenol) with Et3N; PhMe gives (2-methylnaphthalen-1-yl) N-methylcarbamate.

Carbamate formationProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107, 20941