Knoevenagel condensation
2 real reactions from the literature, on aromatic aldehydes and cyclic anhydrides. Each scheme shows starting materials, conditions and products, with the yield and reference where the source reports them.
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Knoevenagel: 2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (an aromatic aldehyde) with piperidine, pyridine, Δ; 2) aq. HCl gives 2',3'-dimethoxycinnamic acid (the condensation product).
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Knoevenagel: diphenic anhydride (a cyclic anhydride) and diethyl malonate (a malonate ester) with Et3N gives the condensation product. 65% yield.