Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT
R = 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
T must be in Kelvin: K = °C + 273.15
P in atm, V in L, n in mol

Combined Gas Law

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂
Use when amount (n) stays constant but conditions change.

Special Cases

Boyle's Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (constant T, n)
Charles's Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (constant P, n)
Avogadro's Law: V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂ (constant P, T)
STP: 0°C (273.15 K) and 1 atm; molar volume = 22.4 L/mol

Gas Laws

Solve for the missing variable using gas law equations. Answers accepted within ±1%.

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